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Glycosaminoglycans (Mucopolysaccharides, Proteogl
The chemically accepted and preferred
name for mucopolysaccharides is glycosaminoglycans. These are
proteins attached to unbranched chain of polysaccacharides (generally
composed of manose, glucose, sucrose and simple sugars molecules
and often some amino sugars or peptides which replace the OH
groups of deoxy sugars) of alternating uronic acid and hexosamine
residues. The extracellular spaces, particularly those of connective
tissues such as cartilage, tendon, skin, and blood vessel walls,
consist of collagen and elastin fibers embedded in a gel-like
matrix known as ground substance.
Ground substance is composed largely of glycosaminoglycans and
Glycoproteins; known together as Proteoglycans as these two
substances aggregate together covalently and noncovalently.
It is critically important that glycosaminoglycans and glycoproteins
(such as NAG, or N-Acetylglycosamine, and NAM, or N-Acetylmuramic
Acid) are used together in supplement form, as often glycosaminoglycans
by themselves are less powerful. By themselves, solutions of
glycosaminoglycans have a slimy mucus-like consistency that
results from their high viscosity and elasticity.
(1)Glycosaminoglycans are composed of an essential family of
chemical substances, including Hyaluronic Acid, Glucosamine,
Chondroitin-4-sulfate, Chondroitin-6-sulphate, Dermatan Sulfate,
Keratan Sulfate and a sulfated glycosaminoglycan called Heparin.
Chondroitan sulphate is a constituent of acidic glycosaminoglycans
found in arterial walls. These substances have anti-coagulant,
anti-lipemic and anti-thrombogenic properties in addtion to
facilitating wound healing. They appear to form complexes with
VLDL and LDL lipoproteins.
(2) Glycoproteins are covalently associated with carbohydrates,
are present in all forms of lives and have functions that span
the entire spectrum of protein activities, including those of
enzymes, transport proteins, cell-to-cell recognition and receptor
capabilities, hormones, and structural proteins.
NAG is a key amino sugar necessary for the construction of connective
tissue. NAG is generally produced in the body by the combination
of glucose with glutamine to form glucosamine through the enzymatic
action of the enzyme glucosamine synthetase. The molecule is
then acetylated to form N-acetyl-glucosamine. NAG is a component
of glycosaminoglyccans and glycoproteins which are integral
parts of cell membranes and cell surface proteins, as well as
the extracellular membranes and interstitial tissues which hold
cells together. Several diseases, including diabetes mellitus
and cystic fibroisis involve abnormalities in proteglycns and
glycosaminoglycans.
Mucosal cells lining the digestive tract turnover at a very
high rate, the whole layer renewing in 3-4 days. This renewal
rate requires the high quantities of NAG to replace the cells
and to renew the interstitial tissue. Inflammatory bowel diseases
require the body to produce even higher quantities of NAG, which
may be better provided by supplementation. NAG is critical in
rebuilding tissue after injury. Under circumstances of poor
diet, deficiencies, disease, injury or aging, the body may not
be able to keep up with NAG tissue requirements.
Cartilage consists largely of a meshwork of collagen fibrils
that is filled in by Proteglycans whose chondroitin sulfate
and core protein components specifically interact with the collagen.
The tensile strength of cartilage and other connective tissues
is a consequence of their collagen content. Cartilage's characteristic
resilience, however, results from its high Proteoglycan content
(Glycosaminoglycans plus Glycoproteins/core proteins), and thus
the importance of avoiding supplementation with Glycosaminoglycans
alone. Proteoglycans modulate the effects of protein growth
factors, such as basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), which
cause specific target cells to grow and differentiate. Apparently,
the abundant and ubiquitous distribution of Proteoglycans limits
the action of these growth factors on their target cells to
short distances from the cells secreting the growth factors,
greatly influencing the formation and maintenance of tissue
architecture, and thus the cartilage that is regenerated within
joints, etc.
Moreover, Proteoglycans, made from polyanionic Keratan Sulfate
and Chondroitin Sulfate (Glycosaminoglycans which are capable
of holding an electromagnetic charge), cause cartilage to become
highly hydrated, or infused with water. In fact, the application
of pressure on cartilage squeezes water away from charged regions
until charge-charge repulsions prevent further compression.
When the pressure is released, the water returns into the cartilage.
In fact, the cartilage in the joints, which lack blood vessels,
is nourished by this flow of liquid brought solely by body movements.
This explains why long periods of inactivity cause joint cartilage
to remain unnourished, allowing it to degrade, becoming thin
and fragile, and clearly demonstrates once again why both Glycosaminoglycans
plus Glycoproteins, or Proteoglycans, such only be used.
Probably the best source of all balanced natural Proteoglycans
(Glycosaminoglycans and Glycoproteins) can be found in Vaxa
products which consists in the New Zealand sea muscle, Perna
Canaliculous, and to a lesser extent shark cartilage, where
the entire family of Proteoglycans (Glycosaminoglycans plus
Glycoproteins/core proteins) can be found together. Aloe vera
is also a plant source for Glycosaminoglycans, but these appear
to be slightly more unstable, and there are fewer Glycoproteins/core
proteins available than in animal/fish sources.There is growing
evidence that Proteoglycans (Glycosaminoglycans plus Glycoproteins/core
proteins) are critically essential for many living cells, necessary
for cellular regeneration and having neurotransmitter-like properties,
communicating inter and intracellularly with biochemical pathways
and growth strategies. The varying size and chaining possibilities
determine their healing and immuno-stimulating properties.
Glycosaminoglycans is an ingredient in the following product(s):
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BUFFER PH
pH Balancer
Price: $29.95
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| ATTEND STRATEGY PAC
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For Inattentiveness, Memory, and Stress
Price: $81.95
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PARASITIN
Parasite Cleanse
Price: $29.95
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CLEARIN
Acne & Blemishes
Price: $25.95
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