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Bile Acids (Bile Salts, Cholic Acid, Glycocholic Acid)
Bile acids are normally synthesized
by the liver and secreted by the gall bladder. They work in
tandem with pancreatic lipase and colipase, enzymes which cleave
or break down triglycerols allowing there further digestion
Bile acids themselves act as powerful emulsifying agents, like
detergents on fats, and their digestive activity is complemented
by the churning power of the small intestine, allowing the largest
surface area of the fats to be exposed to the bile acids.
The digestive system works similarly to a washing machine and
with the bile acids being laundry detergent, exposing the fats
to a lipid-water interface which allow the fats to be broken
down. But bile acids do more than simply aid in the digestion
of fats, they actually expedite the absorption of the nutritionally
edifying pieces of the broken-down lipids into the body. The
mixture of fatty acids and mono- and diacylglycerols produced
by lipid digestion is absorbed by the cell lining the small
intestine (the intestinal mucosa) in a process actually facilitated
by bile acids.
The micelles formed by the family of bile acids actually permit
their transport across the aqueous boundary layer of the intestinal
wall. The importance of this process is demonstrated in people
with obstructed bile ducts, wherein they are found to absorb
little of their dietary lipids but excrete them instead in their
hydrolyzed form in their feces, and subsequently suffer from
a number of related disorders. Thus, bile acids are not only
essential for lipid digestion, but are critically important
for digested lipids to become assimilated by the body.
Bile acids are often the missing and forgotten link in fat metabolism
and assimilation, and because of this fundamental importance,
theoretically, bile acids should be used as part of a nutritional
support strategy for any disorder or dysfunction involving faulty
lipid metabolism or lipid synthesis, such as MS, MD and other
neurological dysfunctions, although this hypothesis has yet
to be tested. Bile acids are likewise required for the efficient
intestinal assimilation of the lipid-soluble vitamins A, D,
E and K. Bile acids conjugate with glycine and taurine, and
the salts of these conjugated acids are the bile salts. Thus,
cholytaurine (or taurocholic acid) is made from taurine and
cholic acid.
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